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Ghosts of oceans past and future


VIEWPOINT
Ian Poiner and Poul Holm


Marine ecosystems are facing a litany of threats, ranging from overfishing to climate change - but the Census of Marine Life is key to mitigating them, say Ian Poiner and Poul Holm. In this week's Green Room, they argue that everything from long-ago tax accounts to eyewitness whale encounters are crucial in understanding the future of ocean life.



Understanding the magnitude and drivers of change long ago is essential to accurately interpret today's trends

Joni Mitchell once famously sang that "you don't know what you've got 'til it's gone." But when it comes to marine life, in many cases we're only just starting to realize what the planet once had.

Imagine a nearshore off Cornwall, England, teeming with orcas, blue whales, shredder sharks, dolphins and harbour porpoises. Such were conditions in the 17th Century before humanity removed the top predators. It is now estimated that inshore regions of the seas historically held 10 times the volume of marine life seen today.

Establishing environmental history in mainstream marine science will be one of the great enduring legacies of the Census of Marine Life, which has united thousands of world researchers to assess and explain the diversity, distribution and abundance of marine life, past, present and future.

The historical research involves many disciplines, including palaeontology, archaeology, history, fisheries and ecology, and such diverse sources as old ships' logs, literary texts, tax accounts, newly translated legal documents and even mounted trophies.

Some 400 of these marine historians will gather from around the world this week at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. And the images they are piecing together reveal fish of such sizes, abundance and distribution in ages past that they stagger modern imaginations.

They are also documenting the timelines over which those giant marine life populations declined. Sadly, due largely to fishing and habitat destruction by humans, the scale of decline is much larger than generally thought a few years ago.

'Cause for optimism'

The work has very practical value today, enlightening the management of fisheries worldwide, which typically use reference information spanning no more than 20 to 40 years. Consequently, policies, management strategies and conservation targets are set to a standard much below the oceans' potential productivity and can now be reviewed with a larger historical perspective.

Some of the research also provides cause for optimism, showing the ocean to be much more resilient to human pressures than the land. History shows that a moratorium on fisheries works. This is well illustrated by the rich harvests of fishermen after World War II and the rebuilding of North Sea herring after the decline of the 1970s.

In the last two or three decades citizens and politicians in rich and poor countries alike have come to recognise that our planet is small and vulnerable: a historic turn of the public mind. With the triumph of social engineering and science in the second half of the 20th Century, history was widely considered irrelevant to the practical concerns of modern society. Today, however, the need for historical insight is pressing.

While few marine species have gone extinct, there is concern that some marine ecosystems have been depleted beyond recovery and generally humans would benefit economically by fishing less and fishing smarter. Understanding historical patterns of resource exploitation is a key to identifying what has actually been lost in the habitat - essential to developing and implementing recovery plans.

On the rebound


Steller's sea cow was hunted to extinction in the 18th Century
In October of next year in London, the Census of Marine Life will present the results of its work: A Decade of Discovery. As part of that report, the census' History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) project will publish a general environmental history of marine animal populations, an image gallery, a series of maps of historical exploitations and impacts and papers that synthesise information on historical declines and recoveries.

Of particular note, the World Whaling HMAP project is in the process of creating colourful, large-format world maps showing the distribution of 19th century whaling ships and their prey, providing simple, high-impact visual representations of the times and places of whaling in that era. Based on records of 70,000 whale encounters over 450,000 days at sea, the maps invite comparisons of past and current whale distribution patterns, allowing resource managers to identify where populations have and have not recovered.

The insights and lessons emerging from this research of the past provide a new context for contemporary ocean management. Understanding the magnitude and drivers of change long ago is essential to accurately interpret today's trends and to make future projections.

If we stand back, if we fish less and reduce other stressors, the long term prediction, based on historical experience, is that the ocean will rebound, stocks will grow and we will have a much more plentiful sea and ultimately have plentiful sustainable fisheries.

The problem of course is that while this may be true in the long term, politicians are elected in the short term and for many poverty constrains options. But "short-termism" is what handed us a banking crisis, and it has already caused an ocean crisis. Perhaps now is a time when the longer-term view will have a chance.

Ian Poiner and Poul Holm chair the Scientific Steering Committee and History of Marine Animal Populations project, respectively.

The Green Room is a series of opinion articles on environmental topics running weekly on the BBC News website